Pet Poison Helpline has the most up to date information on these products. Prior to making the call, it is important to know the weight of the dog, the exact product, amount, and time the gum was ingested.
If the ingestion is considered toxic, the client should immediately come to your clinic or closest veterinary emergency clinic. If the client has contacted a poison control center, be sure they bring the case number so you can follow up for further treatment recommendations. The mechanism of injury caused by xylitol toxicity is hypoglycemia and liver necrosis.
Sugarless gum may contain xylitol, a class of sweetener known as sugar alcohol. Xylitol is present in many products and foods for human use, but can have devastating effects on your pet. If you think your dog may have eaten a product containing xylitol, call your vet, emergency clinic, or animal poison control center right away. Over the past several years, the Center for Veterinary Medicine at the U. Food and Drug Administration FDA has received several reports—many of which pertained to chewing gum—of dogs being poisoned by xylitol, according to Martine Hartogensis, a veterinarian at the FDA.
The most recent report was related to "skinny" sugar-free ice cream. And you may have heard or read news stories about dogs that have died or become very ill after eating products containing xylitol , which also may be known as birch sugar or wood sugar. Slightly lower in calories than sugar, this sugar substitute is also often used to sweeten sugar-free candy, such as mints and chocolate bars, as well as sugar-free chewing gum.
Other products that may contain xylitol include:. Xylitol can be used in baked goods, too, such as cakes, muffins, and pies — often because the baker is substituting another sweetener for sugar, as in products for people with diabetes.
They were told not to use any remineralizing agents. At the end of each experimental period, the appliances were collected and the enamel slabs were removed. During a 1-week washout phase, the appliances were kept at room temperature in a humidifier. The subjects were instructed not to chew gum during the washout period. On the 7 th day, the appliances were refilled with a new set of enamel slabs.
The EDS spectrometer is an instrument that quantitatively determines the elements within a sample by irradiating the sample with X-rays and then analyzing the re-emitted fluorescent X-rays. Demineralized enamel slabs were analyzed before being inset into the intraoral appliance and after the experimental period by an examiner who did not know, which chewing gum group was analyzing.
The slabs were analyzed at five different points and the averages of the results were calculated. The demineralized enamel slabs were divided in half. One of the halves was retained for baseline measurements and stored in a humidified environment. The other half of enamel slab of the pair was inset into an intraoral appliance. At the end of the experimental period, the enamel slab was removed from the appliance [ Figure 1f ]. For surface enamel hardness measurement, both enamel slabs was embedded in a composite mold with the upper surface of the slabs at the top.
Three indentations were made in different regions of the sample using a Vickers indenter with a 50 g load for 10 s HMV-2; Shimadzu Corporation, Tokyo, Japan. Microhardness data min, max, median are shown in Table 3. While the Vivident Xylit group showed significantly lower hardness values than the other chewing gum groups, the paraffin group showed hardness values similar to those of all groups except for the Trident Splash group.
In the present study, an in situ model was applied to verify the effect of different types of chewing gum and paraffin on hardness and mineral content of demineralized enamel using EDS and microhardness test. In situ studies are important because they gather more clinical variables that mimic clinical situations. However, the main disadvantage of these kinds of studies is the dependency solely on the volunteer's compliance, which can be challenging. Bovine enamel is widely used instead of human enamel in the production of initial carious lesions, under the same conditions and with the same demineralization system.
As the human enamel is harder and less porous than bovine enamel and less rapidly demineralized, the use of bovine enamel is an advantage for reducing the length of demineralization. Indentation hardness testing with either a Knoop or Vickers indenter has been used for the measurement of initial enamel hardness, enamel softening and enamel hardening after remineralization.
In the literature, there are conflicting results regarding the effectiveness of chewing gums on reduction of demineralization. Machiulskiene et al. In another study, no difference was reported between the remineralization effect of sucrose-containing and sorbitol-containing chewing gums. The sucrose gum group showed the worst results.
Based on our results, it might be speculated that mastication affects the hardness rather than the polyols in the chewing gums as hardness increased in the paraffin group. Today, in most chewing gums polyols such as sorbitol and xylitol are used as sugar substitutes. In the present study gums with sorbitol, xylitol and both were used.
When comparing chewing gums with different polyols and paraffin, the sorbitol-gum, Trident Splash, showed higher microhardness values than the other chewing gums and paraffin. It can be speculated that the flavor of Trident Splash and the syrup in this chewing gum stimulated the saliva more effectively than the others. Moreover, the harder texture of this gum might have accounted for the increased saliva stimulation, which resulted in harder surfaces. It has been reported that the intensity of the masticatory stimulus falls due to softening of the gum.
Another study by Wennerholm et al. A comparison of other clinical studies also found similar remineralization effects for gums containing xylitol, sorbitol, or a mixture of the two.
After the chewing periods, this value increased to VHN. It was observed that all chewing gums and paraffin used in this study increased the surface hardness values of the demineralized enamel, but these increased values were lower than the hardness values of sound enamel reported in the literature. Calcium and phosphate ions are building blocks for the remineralization process. That study was a long-term one and those researchers examined dentin samples instead of enamel.
Wennerholm et al. Therefore, long-term clinical studies are required to confirm our results. Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Dent Res J Isfahan. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Address for correspondence: Dr. E-mail: moc. Received Apr; Accepted Aug. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of three chewing gums and paraffin on the remineralization and the hardness of demineralized enamel. Materials and Methods: A total of 12 subjects wore intraoral palatal appliances with two demineralized bovine enamel slabs.
Keywords: Chewing gum, enamel, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, microhardness. Open in a separate window.
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